BACKGROUND
Current guidelines recommend at least 24 hours of electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring after an ischemic stroke to rule out atrial fibrillation. However, the most effective duration and type of monitoring have not been established, and the cause of ischemic stroke remains uncertain despite a complete diagnostic evaluation in 20 to 40% of cases (cryptogenic stroke). Detection of atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke has therapeutic implications.
METHODS
We conducted a randomized, controlled study of 441 patients to assess whether long-term monitoring with an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) is more effective than conventional follow-up (control) for detecting atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Patients 40 years of age or older with no evidence of atrial fibrillation during at least 24 hours of ECG monitoring underwent randomization within 90 days after the index event. The primary end point was the time to first detection of atrial fibrillation (lasting >30 seconds) within 6 months. Among the secondary end points was the time to first detection of atrial fibrillation within 12 months. Data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle.
RESULTS
By 6 months, atrial fibrillation had been detected in 8.9% of patients in the ICM group (19 patients) versus 1.4% of patients in the control group (3 patients) (hazard ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 21.7; P<0.001). By 12 months, atrial fibrillation had been detected in 12.4% of patients in the ICM group (29 patients) versus 2.0% of patients in the control group (4 patients) (hazard ratio, 7.3; 95% CI, 2.6 to 20.8; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS ECG monitoring with an ICM was superior to conventional follow-up for detecting atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke. (Funded by Medtronic; CRYSTAL AF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00924638.)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common serious heart rhythm disorder, with a lifetime incidence of 1 in 4 for patients >40 years of age. AF is a major cause of death and disability, as it is associated with a 4-5 fold increase in the risk of ischemic stroke. In patients with AF, oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy can reduce the risk of stroke by about two-thirds and the risk of all-cause mortality by approximately one-quarter, but is associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common serious heart rhythm disorder and is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. This risk can be moderated with oral anticoagulation therapy, but the decision to do so must be balanced against the risks of bleeding. Herein, we discuss three emerging areas where more high-quality evidence is required to guide risk stratification: 1) the relationships between the pattern and burden of AF and stroke 2) the risk conferred by short episodes of device-detected “sub-clinical” atrial fibrillation (SCAF) and 3) the significance of AF that occurs transiently with stress (AFOTS), as is often detected during medical illness or after surgery. Risk stratification is important to identify patients with AF who can benefit from OAC therapy. There are, however, several common clinical scenarios where guidelines do not yet provide direction for stroke prevention; or do so based on limited high-quality evidence.

Objectives: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a national atrial fibrillation screening program in Ireland involving annual opportunistic pulse palpation of all those older than 65 years during general practitioner consultations, with an electrocardiogram being performed if an irregular pulse is detected. Methods: A probabilistic Markov model was used to simulate costs and clinical outcomes in a hypothetical cohort of men and women with and without screening over the course of 25 years, using a societal perspective. Results: Screening was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €23,004/quality-adjusted life-year compared with routine care. Nevertheless, if the relative risk of stroke and systematic embolism in screen-detected patients is more than 12% lower than that in patients with atrial fibrillation identified through routine practice, then screening would not be considered cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of €45,000/quality-adjusted life-year. An analysis comparing alternative combinations of start age and screening interval found that less frequent screening with a later start age may be more cost-effective than an annual screening from age 65 years. Conclusions: Annual opportunistic screening of men and women aged 65 years and older in primary care in Ireland is likely to be cost-effective using conventional willingness-to-pay thresholds, assuming that those detected through screening have a comparable stroke risk profile as those detected through routine practice. Raising the start age of screening or increasing the screening interval may improve the cost-effectiveness of a prospective screening program.

A national screening programme for atrial fibrillation is likely to represent a cost-effective use of resources, with systematic opportunistic screening more likely to be cost-effective than systematic population screening.

RESULTS:
Diagnostic test accuracy depended on the screening test and how it was interpreted. In general, the screening tests identified in our review had high sensitivity (> 0.9). Systematic population and systematic opportunistic screening strategies were found to be similarly effective, with an estimated 170 individuals needed to be screened to detect one additional AF case compared with no screening. Systematic opportunistic screening was more likely to be cost-effective than systematic population screening, as long as the uptake of opportunistic screening observed in randomised controlled trials translates to practice. Modified blood pressure monitors, photoplethysmography or nurse pulse palpation were more likely to be cost-effective than other screening tests. A screening strategy with an initial screening age of 65 years and repeated screens every 5 years until age 80 years was likely to be cost-effective, provided that compliance with treatment does not decline with increasing age.
CONCLUSIONS:
A national screening programme for AF is likely to represent a cost-effective use of resources. Systematic opportunistic screening is more likely to be cost-effective than systematic population screening. Nurse pulse palpation or modified blood pressure monitors would be appropriate screening tests, with confirmation by diagnostic 12-lead electrocardiography interpreted by a trained GP, with referral to a specialist in the case of an unclear diagnosis. Implementation strategies to operationalise uptake of systematic opportunistic screening in primary care should accompany any screening recommendations.

Hintergrund
Nicht nur medikamentöse, sondern auch nicht-medikamentöse präventive Maßnahmen können mehr schaden als nutzen. Da sich Vorsorgeuntersuchungen an gesunde bzw. beschwerdefreie Menschen richten, müssen aussagekräftige Studien zur Nutzen-Schaden Bewertung, üblicherweise aus randomisiert-kontrollierten Studien (RCT), vorliegen. An Beispielen soll gezeigt werden, dass der Nutzen von Präventionsmaßnahmen überschätzt wird.

Methoden
Anhand aktueller Kriterien zur Bewertung von Screening-/Vorsorgeprogrammen werden ausgewählte Präventionsmaßnahmen kritisch diskutiert. Die Kriterien beziehen sich auf die Erkrankung, das Testverfahren, die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten und das gesamte Programm einschließlich Evaluation und Qualitätssicherung. Zum Thema Prävention und Früherkennung von Diabetes Typ 2 wird exemplarisch gezeigt, welche Anforderungen an Vorsorgemaßnahmen gestellt werden und in welchem Ausmaß diesen entsprochen wird. Es werden vorrangig systematische Übersichtsarbeiten / Cochrane Reviews aus RCTs benutzt.

Ergebnisse
Ein aktueller Cochrane Review aus 16 RCTs kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass ein Nutzen von generellen Gesundheitsuntersuchungen (health checks) nicht nachweisbar ist. Zu den Einzelkomponenten der Gesundheitsuntersuchungen fehlen oftmals RCTs oder vorhandene Evidenz kann eine Wirksamkeit nicht belegen. Hingegen liegen für die immer weitere Absenkung der Normgrenzen und Zielwerte für Blutzucker und Blutdruck inzwischen RCTs vor, die belegen, dass der Schaden überwiegt. Wesentliche Kriterien für die Implementierung von Vorsorgemaßnahmen sind nicht erfüllt. Zur Diabetesprävention bestehen Unsicherheiten in Bezug auf die klinische Bedeutung von Prädiabetes, die Behandlung von Prädiabetes und Diabetes, sowie Diabetesdiagnosen bei älteren Menschen oder bei Begleiterkrankungen, zur Auswahl von Testverfahren und Zielgruppen. Die ADDITION Studie konnte keinen Nutzen von Screening auf Diabetes nachweisen. Intensive Interventionen zur Änderung des Lebensstils führen zwar zu einer mäßigen Reduzierung des Körpergewichts und zu weniger Diabetesdiagnosen. Die klinische Relevanz dieser Effekte scheint jedoch fraglich bis unbedeutend. So wurde die Look AHEAD Studie nach fast 10 Jahren vorzeitig abgebrochen, da intensive Lebensstiländerungen das Auftreten kardiovaskulärer Diabeteskomplikationen nicht reduzieren konnten und es aussichtslos schien, einen solchen Effekt in den weiteren ursprünglich geplanten 3 Jahren Studiendauer noch nachweisen zu können.

Schlussfolgerung
Der Nutzen von Prävention wird überschätzt, der Schaden unterschätzt. Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass medizinische Gesundheitsuntersuchungen mit Maßnahmen zur individuellen Verhaltensänderung die Gesundheit der Bevölkerung nachweisbar verbessern können.

BACKGROUND:
Device-detected atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased risk of stroke; however, there are no clearly defined thresholds of AF burden at which to initiate oral anticoagulation (OAC). We sought to describe OAC prescription practice variation in response to new device-detected AF and the association with outcomes.
METHODS:
We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the Veterans Health Administration linked to remote monitoring data that included day-level AF burden. We included patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices and remote monitoring from 2011 to 2014, CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2, and no prior stroke or OAC receipt in the preceding 2 years. We determined the proportion of patients prescribed OAC within 90 days after new device-detected AF across a range of AF thresholds (≥6 minutes to >24 hours) and examined site variation in OAC prescription. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regressions to determine the association of OAC prescription with stroke by device-detected AF burden.
RESULTS:
Among 10 212 patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices, 4570 (45%), 3969 (39%), 3263 (32%), and 2469 (24%) had device-detected AF >6 minutes, >1 hour, >6 hours, and >24 hours, respectively. For device-detected AF >1 hour, 1712 patients met inclusion criteria (72±10 years; 1.5% female; CHA2DS2-VASc score 4.0±1.4; HAS-BLED score 2.6±1.1). The proportion receiving OAC varied based on device-detected AF burden (≥6 minutes: 272/2101 [13%]; >1 hour: 273/1712 [16%]; >6 hours: 263/1279 [21%]; >24 hours: 224/818 [27%]). Across 52 sites (N=1329 patients), there was substantial site-level variation in OAC prescription after device-detected AF >1 hour (median, 16%; range, 3%-67%; median odds ratio, 1.56 [95% credible interval, 1.49-1.71]). In adjusted models, OAC prescription after device-detected AF >24 hours was associated with reduced stroke risk (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.10-0.81; P=0.02), although the propensity-adjusted model was significant when AF lasted at least 6 minutes.
CONCLUSIONS:
Among veterans with cardiac implantable electronic devices, device-detected AF is common. There is large practice variation in 90-day OAC initiation after new device-detected AF, with low rates of treatment overall, even for episodes that last >24 hours. The strongest association of OAC with reduction in stroke was observed after device-detected AF >24 hours. Randomized trials are needed to confirm these observational findings.

US-Studie 2011-2016: Die mittels Zio^XT ermittelte Flimmerlast (Dauer von VHF oder VoFla in % der 14-tägigen Monitoring-Periode) war bei 1.965 Erwachsenen im Alter von durchschnittlich 69 Jahren mit dem Schlaganfallrisiko korreliert. Das CHADS-VASc-adjustierte Risiko für einen Schlaganfall war bei einer Flimmerlast ≥11.4 % (oberes Tertial) mehr als 3-mal so hoch wie in den anderen Tertialen. Dieses Resultat war über alle demografischen und klinischen Subgruppen konsistent.

IMPORTANCE:
Atrial fibrillation is a potent risk factor for stroke, but whether the burden of atrial fibrillation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation independently influences the risk of thromboembolism remains controversial.
OBJECTIVE:
To determine if the burden of atrial fibrillation characterized using noninvasive, continuous ambulatory monitoring is associated with the risk of ischemic stroke or arterial thromboembolism in adults with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
This retrospective cohort study conducted from October 2011 and October 2016 at 2 large integrated health care delivery systems used an extended continuous cardiac monitoring system to identify adults who were found to have paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on 14-day continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring.
EXPOSURES:
The burden of atrial fibrillation was defined as the percentage of analyzable wear time in atrial fibrillation or flutter during the up to 14-day monitoring period.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
Ischemic stroke and other arterial thromboembolic events occurring while patients were not taking anticoagulation were identified through November 2016 using electronic medical records and were validated by manual review. We evaluated the association of the burden of atrial fibrillation with thromboembolism while not taking anticoagulation after adjusting for the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) or CHA2DS2-VASc stroke risk scores.
RESULTS:
Among 1965 adults with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, the mean (SD) age was 69 (11.8) years, 880 (45%) were women, 496 (25%) were persons of color, the median ATRIA stroke risk score was 4 (interquartile range [IQR], 2-7), and the median CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3 (IQR, 1-4). The median burden of atrial fibrillation was 4.4% (IQR ,1.1%-17.23%). Patients with a higher burden of atrial fibrillation were less likely to be women or of Hispanic ethnicity, but had more prior cardioversion attempts compared with those who had a lower burden. After adjusting for either ATRIA or CHA2DS2-VASc stroke risk scores, the highest tertile of atrial fibrillation burden (≥11.4%) was associated with a more than 3-fold higher adjusted rate of thromboembolism while not taking anticoagulants (adjusted hazard ratios, 3.13 [95% CI, 1.50-6.56] and 3.16 [95% CI, 1.51-6.62], respectively) compared with the combined lower 2 tertiles of atrial fibrillation burden. Results were consistent across demographic and clinical subgroups.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
A greater burden of atrial fibrillation is associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke independent of known stroke risk factors in adults with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Die Flimmerlast kann als längste Episodendauer, Anzahl der Episoden oder als Zeitanteil in Prozent während eines Monitoring-Zeitraumes definiert werden. Die aktuellen Leitlinien unterscheiden bei ihren Empfehlungen nicht zwischen persistierendem oder paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern oder der Flimmerlast, obgleich jüngere Daten einen Zusammenhang zwischen Flimmerlast und Schlaganfallrisiko nahelegen. Dabei ist unklar, ob das Schlaganfallrisiko mit steigender Flimmerlast kontinuierlich zunimmt oder ob es einen Grenzwert gibt. Sollte es einen Grenzwert geben, so ist dieser nicht definiert. Hohe Flimmerlast ist auch mit einem höheren Risiko für Herzinsuffizienz und einer erhöhten Mortalität verknüpft, nicht aber mit geringerer Lebensqualität.

Our understanding of the risk factors and complications of atrial fibrillation (AF) is based mostly on studies that have evaluated AF in a binary fashion (present or absent) and have not investigated AF burden. This scientific statement discusses the published literature and knowledge gaps related to methods of defining and measuring AF burden, the relationship of AF burden to cardiovascular and neurological outcomes, and the effect of lifestyle and risk factor modification on AF burden. Many studies examine outcomes by AF burden classified by AF type (paroxysmal versus nonparoxysmal); however, quantitatively, AF burden can be defined by longest duration, number of AF episodes during a monitoring period, and the proportion of time an individual is in AF during a monitoring period (expressed as a percentage). Current guidelines make identical recommendations for anticoagulation regardless of AF pattern or burden; however, a review of recent evidence suggests that higher AF burden is associated with higher risk of stroke. It is unclear whether the risk increases continuously or whether a threshold exists; if a threshold exists, it has not been defined. Higher burden of AF is also associated with higher prevalence and incidence of heart failure and higher risk of mortality, but not necessarily lower quality of life. A structured and comprehensive risk factor management program targeting risk factors, weight loss, and maintenance of a healthy weight appears to be effective in reducing AF burden. Despite this growing understanding of AF burden, research is needed into validation of definitions and measures of AF burden, determination of the threshold of AF burden that results in an increased risk of stroke that warrants anticoagulation, and discovery of the mechanisms underlying the weak temporal correlations of AF and stroke. Moreover, developments in monitoring technologies will likely change the landscape of long-term AF monitoring and could allow better definition of the significance of changes in AF burden over time.

„Real-Life“-Studie aus Dänemark zum Screening auf Vorhofflimmern (VHF) bei über 65-Jährigen. 970 Patienten wurden mittels Pulspalpation und (bei unregelmäßigem Puls) anschließendem 12-Kanal-EKG untersucht. Unregelmäßiger Puls war bei 4.4 % (65-74 Jahre) bzw. 10.5 % (75-84 Jahre) bzw. 22.9 % (≥85 Jahre) vorhanden, VHF wurde bei 0.83 bzw. 0.54 bzw. 3.39 % bestätigt. Allgemeinmediziner vermuteten bei 13 EKG VHF, welches von Kardiologen bei 10 EKG bestätigt wurde.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a chronic disease with an incidence increasing steeply by age and affecting more than 11 million patients in Europe and the United States. Diagnosing AF is essential for the prevention of stroke by oral anticoagulation. Opportunistic screening for AF in patients ≥65 years of age is recommended by the European and Danish Societies of Cardiology. The study aim was to examine the detection rate of AF in consecutively screened patients in the primary care setting in Denmark. In an open, non-interventional, cluster, multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study patients ≥65 years of age entering consecutively into general practice clinics were invited to nurse-assisted opportunistic screening for AF. The General Practice (GP) clinics participating were randomized to patient inclusion in three age groups: 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years respectively. All patients underwent pulse palpation followed by 12-led electrocardiogram in case of irregular pulse. Two cardiologists validated all electrocardiogram examinations. Forty-nine general practice clinics recruited in total 970 patients split into three age groups; 480 patients (65-74 years), 372 (75-84 years), and 118 patients ≥85 years of age. Co-morbidities increased by age with hypertension being most frequent. Eighty-seven patients (9%) were detected with an irregular pulse, representing 4.4%, 10.5% and 22.9%, respectively in the three age groups. Assessment of electrocardiograms by the GP showed suspicion of AF in 13 patients with final verification of electrocardiograms by cardiologists revealing 10 AF-patients. The highest detection rate of AF was found in the ≥85 age group (3.39%) followed by the 65-74 age group (0.83%) and the 75-84 age group (0.54%). Opportunistic screening of AF in primary care is feasible and do result in the detection of new AF-patients. Close collaboration with cardiologists is advisable to avoid false positive screening results.

Bereits 2006 kommt diese Metaanalyse dreier Studien mit insgesamt 2.385 Patienten zu dem Ergebnis, dass Pulspalpation für die Erkennung von Vorhofflimmern (VHF) eine hohe Sensitivität von im Mittel 94 % (91-100 %) bei mäßiger Spezifität von im Mittel 72 % (70-77 %) aufweist.

BACKGROUND:
Atrial fibrillation in the elderly is common and potentially life threatening. The classical sign of atrial fibrillation is an irregularly irregular pulse.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this research was to determine the accuracy of pulse palpation to detect atrial fibrillation.
METHODS:
We searched Medline, EMBASE, and the reference lists of review articles for studies that compared pulse palpation with the electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. Two reviewers independently assessed the search results to determine the eligibility of studies, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the studies.
RESULTS:
We identified 3 studies (2385 patients) that compared pulse palpation with ECG. The estimated sensitivity of pulse palpation ranged from 91% to 100%, while specificity ranged from 70% to 77%. Pooled sensitivity was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84%-97%) and pooled specificity was 72% (95% CI, 69%-75%). The pooled positive likelihood ratio was 3.39, while the pooled negative likelihood ratio was 0.10.
CONCLUSIONS:
Pulse palpation has a high sensitivity but relatively low specificity for atrial fibrillation. It is therefore useful for ruling out atrial fibrillation. It may also be a useful screen to apply opportunistically for previously undetected atrial fibrillation. Assuming a prevalence of 3% for undetected atrial fibrillation in patients older than 65 years, and given the test’s sensitivity and specificity, opportunistic pulse palpation in this age group would detect an irregular pulse in 30% of screened patients, requiring further testing with ECG. Among screened patients, 0.2% would have atrial fibrillation undetected with pulse palpation.

Von 205 Finnen im Alter ≥75 Jahren erlernten 139 (68%) die Puls-Selbstkontrolle. Signifikante Prädiktoren für den Lernerfolg waren ein hoher Mini-Mental State Examination score (>24) (OR 7.5, 95% CI 1.5-37.3, p = 0.014), PC-Benutzung zu Hause (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.9-11.5, p = 0.001), Unabhängigkeit bei alltäglichen Aktivitäten (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.4-13.6, p = 0.013) und niedrige Herzfrequenz (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.0-1.08, p = 0.037). Die Puls-Selbstkontrolle führte nicht zur vermehrten Inanspruchnahme örtlicher Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens und beeinträchtigte die Lebensqualität nicht. Innerhalb eines Monats entdeckten vier Teilnehmer neues asymptomatisches Vorhhofflimmern.

BACKGROUND:
Early detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) in older people is important because AF is often asymptomatic and its first manifestation may be a disabling stroke. The objective of the LietoAF Study is to assess the motivation and capability of older people to learn pulse palpation and continue regular pulse measurements, and whether this self-assessment is helpful in the detection of new AF.
DESIGN AND METHOD:
The LietoAF Study is an intervention study. A total of 205 people aged ≥75 years were randomly selected to participate in the programme where a trained nurse gave individual education on pulse palpation. At 1 month, the eligible participants came to the first follow-up visit to assess the success of pulse self-monitoring.
RESULTS:
A total of 139 participants (68%) learned pulse palpation and performed regular measurements during the early follow-up period. The significant independent predictors for learning and motivation were high Mini-Mental State Examination score (>24) (OR 7.5, 95% CI 1.5-37.3, p = 0.014), computer use at home (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.9-11.5, p = 0.001), independence at daily activities (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.4-13.6, p = 0.013) and low heart rate (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.0-1.08, p = 0.037). Education did not cause extra visits to local healthcare centres and did not affect quality of life. Four participants observed a new asymptomatic AF during the 1-month follow-up.
CONCLUSION:
Active older people are motivated and seem to learn pulse palpation. Our early experience suggests that simple nurse-based education is effective and useful in the early detection of asymptomatic AF.

Nach kurzer Anleitung durch eine Pflegefachkraft und 1-monatiger Puls-Selbstkontrolle konnten 173 finnische ≥75-Jährige mit vergleichbarer Zuverlässigkeit wie 57 Profis (10 Pflegefachkräfte, 17 Paramedic-Studenten im letzten Ausbilungsjahr, 15 Pflege-Studenten im letzten Ausbildungsjahr und 15 Paramedic-Studentens im vorletzten Ausbildungsjahr) zwischen Sinusrhythmus (SR), Sinusrhythmus mit Extrasystolen (SR+ES) und Vorhofflimmern (VHF) unterscheiden. 25 von ihnen (14.5 %) mussten allerdings ausgeschlossen werden, weil sie den Puls nicht tasten konnten. Bzgl. der Detektion von SR (97.3% vs. 96.5%) und SR+ES (74.3% vs. 71.4%) bestanden keine signifikanten Unterschiede, langsames VHF (81.8% vs. 56.1%) und schnelles VHF (91.9% vs. 80.7%) wurde von den älteren Menschen aber zuverlässiger detektiert als von den Profis.

PURPOSE:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) may first present as an ischemic stroke. Pulse palpation is a potential screening method for asymptomatic AF. We aimed to assess the reliability of pulse palpation by the elderly in detecting AF.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
After brief information and training session conducted by a nurse, 173 subjects aged ≥75 years were instructed to palpate their pulse regularly for a month. After this, their ability to distinguish sinus rhythm (SR), SR with premature ventricular contractions (PVC) and AF by pulse palpation was assessed using an anatomic human arm model programmable with various rhythms. A control group of 57 healthcare professionals received the same information but not the training. Subjects unable to find the pulse were excluded (25 (14.5%) of the elderly and none in the healthcare group).
RESULTS:
The median age of the elderly subjects was 78.4 [3.9] years and 98 (56.6%) were women. There were no differences between the elderly and healthcare groups in detecting SR (97.3% vs. 96.5%) or SR with PVCs (74.3% vs. 71.4%), but the elderly subjects identified slow (81.8% vs. 56.1%) and fast AF (91.9% vs. 80.7%) significantly better than the healthcare group. The ability to recognize SR with PVCs by the elderly was independently predicted by previous pulse palpation experience, secondary or higher level of education and one-point increase in MMSE score, while identifying the other rhythms had no predictors.
CONCLUSIONS:
The elderly can learn to reliably distinguish a normal rhythm after education. Pulse self-palpation may be a useful low-cost method to screen for asymptomatic AF.

Ein systematisches Programm zur Förderung regelmäßiger opportunistischer Puls-Selbstkontrollen bei ≥65-Jährigen konnte 2007-2017 in drei Londoner Bezirken die Häufigkeit der Selbstkontrollen von 7.3 auf 93.1 % steigern. Die alters-adjustierte Prävalenz von Vorhofflimmern stieg im Beobachtungszeitraum von im Mittel 61.4/1000 auf 67.3/1000 um 9.6 % (5.9/1000) signifikant, es wurden 790 zusätzliche Fälle identifiziert.

BACKGROUND:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important and modifiable risk factor for stroke. Earlier identification may reduce stroke-related morbidity and mortality. Trial evidence shows that opportunistic pulse regularity checks in individuals aged ≥65 years increases detection of AF. However, this is not currently recommended by the National Screening Programme or implemented by most clinical commissioning groups (CCGs).
AIM:
To evaluate the impact of a systematic programme to promote pulse regularity checks, the programme’s uptake in general practice, and the prevalence of AF.
DESIGN AND SETTING:
Retrospective analysis of electronic primary care patient records in three east London CCGs (City and Hackney, Newham, and Tower Hamlets) over 10 years.
METHOD:
Rates of pulse regularity checks and prevalence of AF in individuals aged ≥65 years were compared from the pre-intervention period, 2007-2011, to the post-intervention period, 2012-2017.
RESULTS:
Across the three CCGs, rates of pulse regularity checks increased from a mean of 7.3% pre-intervention to 66.4% post-intervention, achieving 93.1% (n = 58 722) in the final year. Age-standardised prevalence of AF in individuals aged ≥65 years increased significantly from a pre-intervention mean of 61.4/1000 to a post-intervention mean of 64.5/1000. There was a significant increase in a post-intervention trend to a final-year mean of 67.3/1000: an improvement of 9.6% (5.9/1000) with 790 additional new cases identified.
CONCLUSION:
Organisational alignment, standardised data entry, peer-performance dashboards, and financial incentives rapidly and generally increased opportunistic screening with pulse regularity checks. This was associated with a significant increase in detection and prevalence of AF and is of public health importance.

BACKGROUND:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is often paroxysmal and minimally symptomatic, hindering its diagnosis. Smartwatches may enhance AF care by facilitating long-term, noninvasive monitoring.
OBJECTIVE:
This study aimed to examine the accuracy and usability of arrhythmia discrimination using a smartwatch.
METHODS:
A total of 40 adults presenting to a cardiology clinic wore a smartwatch and Holter monitor and performed scripted movements to simulate activities of daily living (ADLs). Participants‘ clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were abstracted from medical records. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing different domains of the device’s usability. Pulse recordings were analyzed blindly using a real-time realizable algorithm and compared with gold-standard Holter monitoring.
RESULTS:
The average age of participants was 71 (SD 8) years; most participants had AF risk factors and 23% (9/39) were in AF. About half of the participants owned smartphones, but none owned smartwatches. Participants wore the smartwatch for 42 (SD 14) min while generating motion noise to simulate ADLs. The algorithm determined 53 of the 314 30-second noise-free pulse segments as consistent with AF. Compared with the gold standard, the algorithm demonstrated excellent sensitivity (98.2%), specificity (98.1%), and accuracy (98.1%) for identifying irregular pulse. Two-thirds of participants considered the smartwatch highly usable. Younger age and prior cardioversion were associated with greater overall comfort and comfort with data privacy with using a smartwatch for rhythm monitoring, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
A real-time realizable algorithm analyzing smartwatch pulse recordings demonstrated high accuracy for identifying pulse irregularities among older participants. Despite advanced age, lack of smartwatch familiarity, and high burden of comorbidities, participants found the smartwatch to be highly acceptable.

OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether training podiatrists to provide opportunistic screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) during the local diabetes foot check was feasible and whether it detects previously unknown AF.
METHOD:
During the initiative, 45 podiatrists from across North Durham, Darlington and Durham Dales Easington and Sedgefield Clinical Commissioning Groups were trained to recognise heart irregularities when taking pulse readings of feet of patients with diabetes during their annual foot screening reviews.
RESULTS:
Over the course of the 3-month pilot, 5000 patients with diabetes had their feet pulse-tested. The project uncovered that for every 500 patients who had their feet checked, one new case of AF could be identified.
CONCLUSION:
A report following the Podiatry and Atrial Fibrillation Case Finding scheme revealed that the National Health Service in the United Kingdom North East and North Cumbria area could benefit from potential cost savings in excess of £500 000. In 2013, the National Diabetes Information Service, Yorkshire and Humber Public Health Observatory estimated 231 777 people in the North East, North Cumbria, Hambleton and Richmondshire area with diabetes. Therefore 463 patients could be found with AF, preventing 23 strokes and saving £539 742 or in excess of £0.5 M.

Review aus 2017-2018 im Auftrag der Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), einem dem US-Gesundheitsministerium angegliederten Institut für die Bewertung medizinischer Maßnahmen. Bewertung: Bezüglich der Vor- und Nachteile eines Screenings auf Vorhofflimmern (VHF) mittels EKG herrscht Unsicherheit. Obgleich EKG-Screening zuvor unentdecktes Vorhofflimmern detektieren kann, konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden, dass es mehr Fälle detektiert als ein opportunistisches Screening mittels Pulspalpation. Die meisten älteren Individuen mit zuvor unentdecktem VHF haben ein Schlaganfallrisiko oberhalb der Interventionsschwelle für eine Antikoagulation. Zwar kann das Schlaganfallrisiko bei VHF durch Behandlung gesenkt werden, ob dies bei asymptomatischen älteren Menschen mit lediglich beim Screening detektierten VHF zu einem besseren Gesundheitsstatus führt als eine Behandlung nur bei konventionell entdecktem oder symptomatischem VHF, ist bislang nicht durch Studien belegt.

PURPOSE:
To systematically review the evidence on screening for and stroke prevention treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) in adults age 65 years or older for populations and settings relevant to primary care in the United States.
DATA SOURCES:
PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and trial registries through May 24, 2017; reference lists of retrieved articles; outside experts; and reviewers, with surveillance of the literature through June 6, 2018.
STUDY SELECTION:
Two investigators selected English-language studies using a priori criteria. Eligible studies included controlled trials of screening for or treatment of AF, controlled prospective cohort studies evaluating detection rates of previously unknown AF or harms of screening or treatment, and systematic reviews of trials evaluating benefits or harms of treatment. Eligible screening tests included electrocardiogram (ECG) screening (e.g., 12-lead ECG, intermittent handheld ECG) or screening with both pulse palpation and ECG for all participants. Eligible treatment studies compared warfarin, aspirin, or novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs: apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, or rivaroxaban) with placebo or no treatment. Studies focused on persons younger than age 65 or those with a history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, known heart disease, or heart failure were excluded.
DATA EXTRACTION:
One investigator extracted data and a second checked accuracy. Two reviewers independently rated quality for all included studies using predefined criteria.
DATA SYNTHESIS:
Seventeen unique studies (described in 22 publications) were included. No eligible studies evaluated screening compared with no screening and focused on health outcomes. Systematic screening with ECG identified more new cases of AF than no screening (absolute increase with 12-lead ECG, 0.6% [0.1% to 0.98%] over 12 months; absolute increase with twice-weekly single-lead ECG, 2.8% [95% CI, 0.9% to 4.7%] over 12 months), but a systematic approach using ECG did not detect more cases than an opportunistic approach focused on pulse palpation. Warfarin treatment for an average of 1.5 years was associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke (pooled relative risk [RR], 0.32 [0.20 to 0.51]) and all-cause mortality (pooled RR, 0.68 [0.50 to 0.93]), and an increased risk of major bleeding (pooled RR, 1.8 [0.85 to 3.7]) compared with controls (5 trials; 2,415 participants). Treatment trial participants were not screen-detected; mean age was 67 to 74 years; very few had a history of TIA or stroke (3%-8%); most had long-standing persistent AF; and baseline stroke risk scores were not reported. For a population of 1,000 adults age 65 or older with an annual stroke risk of 4 percent, this translates to an absolute reduction of 28 ischemic strokes and 16 deaths per year and an absolute increase of five major bleeding events per year. Aspirin treatment for an average of 1.5 years was associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke (pooled RR, 0.76 [0.52 to 1.1]) and all-cause mortality (pooled RR, 0.84 [0.62 to 1.14]) compared with controls, but the differences were not statistically significant (3 trials; 2,663 participants). A network meta-analysis found that all treatments reduced the risk of a composite outcome (any stroke and systemic embolism) and all-cause mortality. For NOACs, it found statistically significant associations with reduction in the composite outcome compared with placebo/control (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] from 0.32 to 0.44), and an increased risk of bleeding compared with placebo/control (adjusted ORs from 1.38 to 2.21), but confidence intervals for the risk of bleeding were wide and differences between groups were not statistically significant.
LIMITATIONS:
This review is limited in the ability to describe the direct evidence on the effectiveness or harms of screening for AF because we identified no eligible studies that aimed to address the overarching question. For potential harms of screening (e.g., overdiagnosis from misinterpretation of ECGs, subsequent interventions leading to harms), no eligible studies provided information that allowed comparison between screening and no-screening. No eligible stroke prevention treatment studies focused on asymptomatic, screen-detected participants. The included trials that evaluated warfarin benefits and harms had an average of 1.5 years of followup and were stopped early. Estimates for benefits and harms of lifelong anticoagulation and for screen-detected persons were not available.
CONCLUSIONS:
There is uncertainty about the benefits and harms of screening for AF with ECG. Although screening with ECG can detect previously unknown cases of AF, it has not been shown to detect more cases than opportunistic screening that is focused on pulse palpation. Most older adults with previously unknown AF have a stroke risk above the threshold for anticoagulation. Multiple treatments for AF reduce the risk of stroke and all-cause mortality, and increase the risk of bleeding, but trials have not assessed whether treatment of screen-detected asymptomatic older adults results in better health outcomes than treatment after detection by usual care or after symptoms develop.

OBJECTIVES:
Recent technology advances have allowed for heart rhythm monitoring using single-lead ECG monitoring devices, which can be used for early diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF). We sought to investigate the AF detection rate using portable ECG devices compared with Holter monitoring.
SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES:
We searched the Medline, Embase and Scopus databases (conducted on 8 May 2017) using search terms related to AF screening and included studies with adults aged >18 years using portable ECG devices or Holter monitoring for AF detection. We excluded studies using implantable loop recorders and pacemakers. Using a random-effects model we calculated the overall AF detection rate. Meta-regression analysis was performed to explore potential sources for heterogeneity. Quality of reporting was assessed using the tool developed by Downs and Black.
RESULTS:
Portable ECG monitoring was used in 18 studies (n=117 436) and Holter monitoring was used in 36 studies (n=8498). The AF detection rate using portable ECG monitoring was 1.7% (95% CI 1.4 to 2.1), with significant heterogeneity between studies (p<0.001). There was a moderate linear relationship between total monitoring time and AF detection rate (r=0.65, p=0.003), and meta-regression identified total monitoring time (p=0.005) and body mass index (p=0.01) as potential contributors to heterogeneity. The detection rate (4.8%, 95% CI 3.6% to 6.0%) in eight studies (n=10 199), which performed multiple ECG recordings was comparable to that with 24 hours Holter (4.6%, 95% CI 3.5% to 5.7%). Intermittent recordings for 19 min total produced similar AF detection to 24 hours Holter monitoring. CONCLUSION: Portable ECG devices may offer an efficient screening option for AF compared with 24 hours Holter monitoring.

Background: Many patients report symptoms of palpitations or dizziness/presyncope. These patients are often referred for 24-hour Holter ECG, although the sensitivity for detecting relevant arrhythmias is comparatively low. Intermittent short ECG recording over a longer time period might be a convenient and more sensitive alternative. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of 24-hour Holter ECG with intermittent short ECG recording over four weeks to detect relevant arrhythmias in patients with palpitations or dizziness/presyncope.
Methods: Design: prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Setting: Clinical Physiology, University Hospital. Patients: 108 consecutive patients referred for ambiguous palpitations or dizziness/presyncope. Interventions: All individuals underwent a 24-hour Holter ECG and additionally registered 30-second handheld ECG (Zenicor EKG® thumb) recordings at home, twice daily and when having cardiac symptoms, during 28 days. Main outcome measures: Significant arrhythmias: atrial fibrillation (AF), paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), atrioventricular (AV) block II–III, sinus arrest (SA), wide complex tachycardia (WCT).
Results: 95 patients, 42 men and 53 women with a mean age of 54.1 years, completed registrations. Analysis of Holter registrations showed atrial fibrillation (AF) in two patients and atrioventricular (AV) block II in one patient
(= 3.2% relevant arrhythmias [95% CI 1.1–8.9]). Intermittent handheld ECG detected nine patients with AF, three with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) and one with AV-block-II (= 13.7% relevant arrhythmias [95% CI 8.2–22.0]). There was a significant difference between the two methods in favour of intermittent ECG with regard to the ability to detect relevant arrhythmias (P = 0.0094). With Holter ECG, no symptoms were registered during any of the detected arrhythmias. With intermittent ECG, symptoms were registered during half of the arrhythmia episodes.
Conclusions: Intermittent short ECG recording during four weeks is more effective in detecting AF and PSVT in patients with ambiguous symptoms arousing suspicions of arrhythmia than 24-hour Holter ECG.

Ergebnisse aus der REVEAL AF study: Bei 385 Patienten im Alter von durchschnittlich 71.5 Jahren wurde mittels implantiertem Event-Recorder innerhalb eines Jahres bei 27.1 % Vorhofflimmern > 6 Min. Dauer festgestellt. Mit konventionellen Methoden lag die Erkennungsrate für solche Episoden zwischen 0.8 % (einmaliges 24-Std.-LZ-EKG) und 10.6 % (7-Tage-LZ-EKG alle 3 Monate).

BACKGROUND:
Reducing atrial fibrillation (AF)-related stroke requires timely AF diagnosis, but the optimal monitoring strategy is unknown.
OBJECTIVE:
We used insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) data from the REVEAL AF study to compare AF detection rates by various short-term continuous monitoring (STM) strategies.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Patients without known AF, but with CHADS2 scores ≥3 (or = 2 with ≥1 additional AF risk factor) received an ICM for AF detection. One-time STM strategies were assessed by computing AF incidence at 1, 2, 7, 14, and 30 days post-ICM insertion. Repeated STM strategies (quarterly 24-hour, 48-hour, 7-day, or monthly 24-hour monitoring) were modeled by randomly selecting day(s) within a 30-day window around each nominal evaluation date over a 1-year period (simulated 10,000 times). Endpoints included AF ≥6 minutes, AF ≥1 hour, and daily AF burden ≥1 and ≥ 5.5 hours. The impact of compliance on AF detection was evaluated using daily compliance rates of 85%, 75%, 65% and 55% during follow-up months 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, and 9-12, respectively. Based on data from 385 patients (71.5 ± 9.9 years; CHADS2 score 3.0 ± 1.0) the incidence of AF ≥6 minutes via ICM at 12 months was 27.1% (95% CI, 22.5-31.5%). This exceeded the range of estimated rates from all modeled one-time and repeated STM strategies (0.8% for 24-hour Holter monitoring to 10.6% for quarterly 7-day monitoring). Findings were similar for all AF endpoints. Modeled non-compliance reduced AF detection by 4.5% to 22.9%.
CONCLUSIONS:
Most AF episodes detected via ICMs would go undetected via conventional STM strategies, thus preventing optimal prophylaxis for adverse consequences.

Sehr spitzer Kommentar zur Apple Heart Studie von Milton Packer, einem in den USA und international herausragenden Vertreter der evidenzbasierten Medizin.

Auszüge (Übersetzung nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen durch mich):

Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse der Apple Heart Studie ist es jetzt offiziell. Die Apple Watch ist ein ernster Wettbewerber um den Preis des schlimmsten Herzgerätes aller Zeiten.
…
Die Mehrheit (219.179, 52%) der Studienteilnehmer war jünger als 40 Jahre. Von ihnen erhielten lediglich 341 (0.16%) eine Nachricht über unregelmäßigen Puls und nur neun von diesen (0.004%) hatten tatsächlich Vorhofflimmern. Wurden 97% dieser jungen Leute von der Nachricht unnötig verängstigt?
…
Von 24.626 Teilnehmern im Alter von über 65 Jahren erhielten 775 (3.14%) eine Nachricht über unregelmäßigen Puls und nur 63 von diesen (0.26%) hatten tatsächlich Vorhofflimmern. Wurden 90% der älteren Leute von der Nachricht unnötig verängstigt?

Alles in einem war in dieser Studie die Chance, mit der Apple Watch bislang unbekanntes Vorhofflimmern zu entdecken, geringer als das lebenslange Risiko, von einem Blitz getroffen zu werden (0.03%)!
…
Wie hoch ist das Sterberisiko asymptomatischer Individuen, bei denen Vorhofflimmern erstmals mit der Apple Watch diagnostiziert wurde? Wissen wir nicht.

Wie hoch ist das Schlaganfallrisiko asymptomatischer Individuen, bei denen Vorhofflimmern erstmals mit der Apple Watch diagnostiziert wurde? Wissen wir nicht.

Können wir Todesfälle oder Schlaganfälle bei asymptomatischer Individuen, bei denen Vorhofflimmern erstmals mit der Apple Watch diagnostiziert wurde, verhindern? Wissen wir nicht.

Sollten Menschen, bei denen Vorhofflimmern erstmals mit der Apple Watch diagnostiziert wurde, lebenslang Antikoagulantien einnehmen? Wissen wir nicht.

Wieviele Menschen, die wegen erstmals mit der Apple Watch diagnostiziertem Vorhofflimmern Antikoagulantien einnehmen, erleben in Folge dessen ernste Blutungen? Wissen wir nicht.
…
Und wir haben fast nichts Wichtiges gelernt.

Wievielen Menschen wurde durch Benutzung der Apple Watch das Leben gerettet? So weit man das sagen kann, lautet die Antwort Null.

Wievielen Menschen wurde durch Benutzung der Apple Watch ein Schlaganfall erspart? So weit man das sagen kann, lautet die Antwort Null.

Wievielen Menschen wurde durch Empfang der Information geschadet? Wissen wir nicht. Vielen Menschen aber wurde für beträchtliche Zeit Angst gemacht, nachdem ihnen ein mögliches Herzproblem mitgeteilt wurde, das sie gar nicht hatten.
…
Apple hat der Stanford University mehr als $8 Mio für die Studie gezahlt, für Apple eine Summe noch unterhalb des Rundungsfehlers ihres Jahresgewinns.

Der Preis aber, den Millionen von Menschen zahlen, die dem einflussreichen Marketing-Hype der Firma ausgesetzt sind, könnte den Preis der Watch noch weit übersteigen.